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توجه: در صورتی که از کاربران قدیمی ایران انجمن هستید و امکان ورود به سایت را ندارید، میتوانید با آیدی altin_admin@ در تلگرام تماس حاصل نمایید.
مباحث عمومی هواشناسی
- شروع کننده موضوع Amir Mohsen
- تاریخ شروع
- وضعیت
تشکر فراوان. کلیپ خیلی زیبایی بود :گل:
mehrdad_teh
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
سلام محمد جان
خواهش می کنم من فقط نقل قول کردم این صحبتهای شیمیست چینی هست.
والا من فعلا تصمیم گرفتم دنبال نقشه ها نرم یکم از این موضوع فاصله گرفتم بنابر این من در جریان نقشه ها نیستم.
mehrdad_teh
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
سلام محمد رضا جان
خواهش می کنم خوشحالم که مورد استقبال جنابعالی قرار گرفت.
من با موبایل اومدم بنابر این نمی تونم پستهای محبت آمیر دوستان رو لایک کنم.
شب خوش و خدانگهدار :بای:Weather for Iran
Search Results
Search Results
| Place | Alerts | Temp. | Humidity | Pressure | Conditions | Wind | Updated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abadan, Iran | 17 °C | 68% | 1013 hPa | Scattered Clouds | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Abadeh, Iran | 2 °C | 52% | 1021 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Abu Musa, Iran | 18 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Ahar, Iran | 3 °C | 81% | 1018 hPa | Mostly Cloudy | WSW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Ahwaz, Iran | 16 °C | 77% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Ali-Goodarz, Iran | 6 °C | 56% | 1018 hPa | Clear | ESE at 14 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Anzali, Iran | 9 °C | 93% | 1022 hPa | Overcast | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Arak, Iran | 8 °C | 40% | 1018 hPa | Clear | WNW at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Ardebil, Iran | 0 °C | 100% | 1022 hPa | Partial Fog | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Babulsar, Iran | 9 °C | 93% | 1021 hPa | Overcast | Variable at 4 km/h /1.0 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Baft, Iran | 8 °C | 18% | 1015 hPa | Clear | ENE at 14 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Bam, Iran | 13 °C | 11% | 1015 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Bandar Lengeh, Iran | 18 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Bandarabbass, Iran | 16 °C | 100% | 1014 hPa | Fog | NNW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Birjand, Iran | 5 °C | 53% | 1020 hPa | Clear | ENE at 15 km/h / 4.1 m/s | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Bojnourd, Iran | 7 °C | 66% | 1021 hPa | Clear | East at 15 km/h / 4.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Bushehr, Iran | 16 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Bushehr, Iran | 16 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Chahbahar, Iran | 20 °C | 82% | 1014 hPa | Scattered Clouds | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Esfahan, Iran | 5 °C | 45% | 1020 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Fasa, Iran | 9 °C | 62% | 1016 hPa | Partly Cloudy | NNW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Ferdous, Iran | 8 °C | 38% | 1017 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Gach Saran Du Gunbadan, Iran | 12 °C | 82% | 1014 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Gharakhil, Iran | 9 °C | 93% | 1021 hPa | Overcast | Variable at 4 km/h /1.0 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Ghasre-Shirin, Iran | 13 °C | 51% | n/a | Clear | ESE at 5 km/h / NA m/s | Estimated | Save | |
| Ghazvin, Iran | 6 °C | 66% | 1019 hPa | Clear | ENE at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Ghuchan, Iran | 4 °C | 72% | 1021 hPa | Scattered Clouds | SE at 25 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Gorgan, Iran | 10 °C | 94% | 1023 hPa | Overcast | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Hamedan, Iran | 4 °C | 70% | 1019 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Ilam, Iran | 9 °C | 68% | 1016 hPa | Clear | East at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Iranshahr, Iran | 15 °C | 34% | 1016 hPa | Clear | North at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Jask, Iran | 22 °C | 78% | 1013 hPa | Clear | WNW at 15 km/h / 4.1 m/s | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Kashan, Iran | 10 °C | 58% | 1018 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Kashmar, Iran | 11 °C | 33% | 1019 hPa | Clear | ESE at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Kerman, Iran | 4 °C | 39% | 1021 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Kermanshah, Iran | 4 °C | 75% | 1018 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:20 AM IRST | Save | |
| Kharg, Iran | 16 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Khor, Iran | 10 °C | 19% | 1019 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Khorram Abad, Iran | 8 °C | 71% | 1018 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:20 PM IRST | Save | |
| Khoy, Iran | 2 °C | 75% | 1024 hPa | Mist | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Kish Island, Iran | 19 °C | 100% | 1013 hPa | Clear | WNW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Konarak, Iran | 20 °C | 69% | n/a | Clear | SSW at 3 km/h / NA m/s | Estimated | Save | |
| Makko, Iran | -1 °C | 84% | 1026 hPa | Mist | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Maragheh, Iran | 3 °C | 81% | 1018 hPa | Mostly Cloudy | WSW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Mashhad, Iran | 5 °C | 76% | 1024 hPa | Mostly Cloudy | SE at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:20 AM IRST | Save | |
| Masjed-Soleyman, Iran | 17 °C | 72% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Mohabad, Iran | 5 °C | 72% | 1020 hPa | Haze | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Nehbandan, Iran | 10 °C | 30% | 1018 hPa | Clear | ESE at 11 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Noshahr, Iran | 10 °C | 87% | 1021 hPa | Overcast | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Omidieh, Iran | 17 °C | 68% | 1014 hPa | Clear | SSE at 11 km/h / 3.1 m/s | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Orumieh, Iran | 2 °C | 87% | 1018 hPa | Mostly Cloudy | WSW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Pars Abad Moghan, Iran | 8 °C | 76% | 1024 hPa | Mist | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Ramsar, Iran | 10 °C | 87% | 1020 hPa | Overcast | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Rasht, Iran | 9 °C | 93% | 1022 hPa | Overcast | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Sabzevar, Iran | 9 °C | 62% | 1022 hPa | Clear | ENE at 22 km/h / 6.2 m/s | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Safi-Abad Dezful, Iran | 17 °C | 72% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Saghez, Iran | 4 °C | 80% | 1019 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Sanandaj, Iran | 5 °C | 81% | 1017 hPa | Clear | Calm | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Sarab, Iran | 2 °C | 67% | 1021 hPa | Scattered Clouds | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Sarakhs, Iran | 8 °C | 51% | 1028 hPa | Scattered Clouds | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Saravan, Iran | 15 °C | 8% | 1016 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Semnan, Iran | 8 °C | 46% | 1020 hPa | Clear | NNW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 11:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Shahre-Kord, Iran | -2 °C | 74% | 1022 hPa | Partly Cloudy | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Shahrud, Iran | 8 °C | 38% | 1019 hPa | Clear | North at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Shiraz, Iran | 9 °C | 50% | 1019 hPa | Clear | WSW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Siri Island, Iran | 18 °C | 88% | 1013 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Sirjan, Iran | 8 °C | 27% | 1016 hPa | Clear | Calm | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Tabas, Iran | 13 °C | 13% | 1017 hPa | Clear | East at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Tabriz, Iran | 3 °C | 81% | 1018 hPa | Mostly Cloudy | WSW at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Tehran, Iran | 10 °C | 47% | 1019 hPa | Clear | Calm | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Torbat-Heydarieh, Iran | 5 °C | 68% | 1020 hPa | Partly Cloudy | East at 18 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Yasoge, Iran | 10 °C | 35% | 1017 hPa | Clear | East at 11 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save | |
| Yazd, Iran | 11 °C | 30% | 1020 hPa | Partly Cloudy | ESE at 7 km/h / 2.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Zabol, Iran | 12 °C | 51% | 1017 hPa | Clear | NW at 26 km/h / 7.2 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Zahedan, Iran | 6 °C | 42% | 1019 hPa | Clear | SSE at 11 km/h / 3.1 m/s | 12:30 AM IRST | Save | |
| Zanjan, Iran | 5 °C | 68% | 1018 hPa | Clear | East at 7 km/h / | 9:30 PM IRST | Save |
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
[h=2]Rain to Bring Danger of Roof Failures in New England
[h=6]By Anthony Sagliani, Meteorologist [h=5]February 10, 2013; 12:12 PM
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Weather for the Northeast is detailed in the above AccuWeather.com video.
After one of the great winter storms in New England history left behind some of the highest snowfall totals ever observed across the region, a much weaker storm will bring new dangers Sunday night and Monday.
The next storm will be a warmer system, spreading rain across the Northeast Sunday night through Monday.
However, enough cold air will be in place for the rain to start as an icy mix north and west of Interstate 95 from Philadelphia northward with a wintry mix expected throughout the entirety of the storm across far northern New England.
Where the rain falls, totals will generally range from 0.50-0.75 inches.
While that amount of rain would not cause flooding on a typical day, AccuWeather.com meteorologists are worried that flooding will occur in low-lying and urban areas along the I-95 corridor from New York City to Boston as the rain and melting snow could overwhelm storm drains, some that are likely still covered by snow.
There is also concern that where feet of snow is still covering roofs, the massive snowpack will soak up the rain like a sponge, and it will get much heavier in the process.
This means that for those in communities across Long Island and from New Haven, Conn., to Portland, Maine, who have not yet cleared the snow from their roofs, there is a high danger for potential collapse. This is especially true for weaker, older structures.
RELATED:
How To Keep Your Roof From Collapsing
New England Blizzard Recap: Snow Totals Up to 40"
Pitched roofs can handle more weight than flat roofs. However, only an engineer can tell you for sure how much weight your roof can handle.
Keep in mind, progressively colder air is forecast to sweep into New England later this week behind this system.
The slushy snow left on your roof and elsewhere will likely freeze solid soon after as cold air rushes back in. You may be stuck with it for a long time.
There are additional storms on the horizon through the middle part of February. Some will bring minor, nuisance snow, others have the potential to drop heavy snow with more weight to go with it.
Keep checking back with AccuWeather.com for the latest updates on this impending rain and ice situation.
[h=6]By Anthony Sagliani, Meteorologist [h=5]February 10, 2013; 12:12 PM
More Sharing ServicesShare | Share on ******** Share on myspace Share on google Share on twitter
After one of the great winter storms in New England history left behind some of the highest snowfall totals ever observed across the region, a much weaker storm will bring new dangers Sunday night and Monday.
The next storm will be a warmer system, spreading rain across the Northeast Sunday night through Monday.
However, enough cold air will be in place for the rain to start as an icy mix north and west of Interstate 95 from Philadelphia northward with a wintry mix expected throughout the entirety of the storm across far northern New England.
Where the rain falls, totals will generally range from 0.50-0.75 inches.
While that amount of rain would not cause flooding on a typical day, AccuWeather.com meteorologists are worried that flooding will occur in low-lying and urban areas along the I-95 corridor from New York City to Boston as the rain and melting snow could overwhelm storm drains, some that are likely still covered by snow.
There is also concern that where feet of snow is still covering roofs, the massive snowpack will soak up the rain like a sponge, and it will get much heavier in the process.
This means that for those in communities across Long Island and from New Haven, Conn., to Portland, Maine, who have not yet cleared the snow from their roofs, there is a high danger for potential collapse. This is especially true for weaker, older structures.
RELATED:
How To Keep Your Roof From Collapsing
New England Blizzard Recap: Snow Totals Up to 40"
Pitched roofs can handle more weight than flat roofs. However, only an engineer can tell you for sure how much weight your roof can handle.
Keep in mind, progressively colder air is forecast to sweep into New England later this week behind this system.
The slushy snow left on your roof and elsewhere will likely freeze solid soon after as cold air rushes back in. You may be stuck with it for a long time.
There are additional storms on the horizon through the middle part of February. Some will bring minor, nuisance snow, others have the potential to drop heavy snow with more weight to go with it.
Keep checking back with AccuWeather.com for the latest updates on this impending rain and ice situation.
این سایت هم یکماه قبل پیشبینی گرمای بیشتر از نرمال داده:
http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/forecast/net_asmt/
http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/forecast/net_asmt/
۶۰ سال مبارزه با آلودگی هوا در انگلستان
معماری نیوز: ۶۰ سال از فاجعه بزرگ زیست‌محیطی بریتانیا یعنی مه‌دود بزرگ لندن می‌گذرد اما این کشور هنوز نیز درگیر مبارزه با آلودگی هوا است. نه تنها در بریتانیا بلکه در سراسر جهان، از چین گرفته تا افغانستان آلاینده‌ها مسئله‌ساز شده‌اند.
امروزه آلودگی هوا در لندن، پایتخت بریتانیا نسبت به دهه‌های قبل کمتر به چشم می‌خورد. با این حال کارشناسان با اشاره به شمار بالای خودروها و کامیون‌ها در خیابان‌هایی مانند خیابان استون لندن می‌گویند، اگر چه که این موضوع امروز کمتر در این شهر مشهود است اما هنوز هم مشکلات بزرگ می‌آفریند.
اخیرا در چین کاهش وزن نوزادان را به آلودگی هوا نسبت داده‌اند. بر اساس گزارشی از مجلس نمایندگان بریتانیا، در لندن سالانه ۴ هزار نفر جان خود را به خاطر آلودگی هوا از دست می‌دهند.
کیت پراوس (Keith Prowse)، معاون انجمن ریه لندن به دویچهوله می‌گوید: «شواهدی وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد قرار گرفتن در معرض آلودگی، حتی زمانی که فرد سیگاری نیست احتمال ابتلا به بیماری‌های ریوی را افزایش می‌دهد.»
پراوس تصریح می‌کند، ذرات آلاینده نامرئی عامل حدود ۹ درصد از مرگ و میرها است و آلودگی هوا سالانه بخش عمد‌ه‌ای از هزینه‌های سرویس سلامت ملی بریتانیا را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد.
سایمون بیرکت (Simon Birkett) از "کمپین گروه هوای پاک" لندن در گفت‌وگو با دویچهوله می‌گوید: «آلودگی هوا در جاده‌های شلوغ دو یا گاهی سه برابر میزان قانونی یا حدود تعیین‌شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی است.»
۶۰ سال پیش، در سال‌های ۱۹۵۲ و ۱۹۵۳، لندن آلود‌ه‌ترین روزهای خود را تجربه کرد. ۴ هزار نفر از ساکنان شهر در طول یک هفته، از دسامبر ۱۹۵۲، وقتی که مه‌دود بزرگ به بیشترین حد خود رسیده بود جان خود را از دست دادند. ۸ هزار تن دیگر نیز در طول هفته‌های بعد بر اثر وجود مه‌دود ناشی از به‌کارگیری بیش از اندازه ذغال سنگ جان باختند.
مسئولان آن زمان از اهالی لندن خواستند، در صورت امکان روزهای تعطیل آخر هفته خود را در جاهایی به سر برند که هوای آن پاک است. به نظر می‌رسد که آنها در آن دوران تسلیم واقعیتی به نام آلودگی هوا شده بودند و تصور می‌کردند که برای داشتن شهری صنعتی، فعال و موفق باید این بها پرداخته شود.
سایمون بیرکت می‌گوید: «مه‌دود بزرگ ترکیبی غیر طبیعی از پدیده‌هایی بود که آن زمان وجود داشت.»
او با اشاره به پدیده وارونگی هوا ادامه می‌دهد: «هوا بسیار ساکن و سرد بود و هوای سرد زیر هوای گرم‌تر محبوس شده بود، یعنی آلودگی که در شهر ایجاد می‌شد محبوس شده بود و نمی‌توانست خارج شود.»
این فعال "کمپین گروه هوای پاک" لندن می‌افزاید: «آلودگی ناشی از سوختن ذغال‌سنگ در خانه‌ها و آلودگی‌های صنعتی با مه غلیظ هوا آمیخته شد و نهایتا این مشکل را ایجاد کرد.»
پاملا هاید (Pamela Hyde) در آن زمان دختری ۱۱ ساله بود که در شمال غربی لندن زندگی می‌کرد. او به دویچهوله می‌گوید: «شما نمی‌توانستید هیچ چیز، حتی دستانتان را جلوی صورتتان ببینید.»
هاید که اینک ۷۱ سال دارد تعریف می‌کند که سینمای محل سکونتشبه دلیل ورود مه به داخل سالن یک روز بسته شد. مه به داخل سالن سینما نفوذ کرده و باعث شده بود که پرده سینما دیگر قابل دید نباشد.
هاید از روزهای آن زمستان پر از مه در لندن می‌گوید: «روزهای وحشت‌انگیزی بود. هر وقت بیرون می‌رفتی و سالم برمی‌گشتی احساس خوشبختی می‌‌کردی. من به یاد دارم که کمک‌راننده‌های اتوبوس‌ها مشعل به دست جلوی اتوبوس می‌ایستادند و به راننده‌ها کمک می‌کردند تا راه را پیدا کنند.»
مه‌دودی که سیاست را تکان داد
سیاست‌مداران بریتانیا که در ابتدا مشکل را انکار کرده بودند سرانجام مجبور شدند با آن مواجه شوند. تا جایی که بالاخره مجلس بریتانیا مجبور شد در سال ۱۹۵۶ مصوبه‌ای به نام "مصوبه هوای پاک" تصویب کند.
این مصوبه سوزاندن ذغال سنگ در منازل را محدود کرد و به موجب آن، کارخانه‌ها به مناطق اطراف و دور از شهرها منتقل شدند.
امروز نیز لازم است که اتحادیه اروپا با در نظر گرفتن جریمه‌های سنگین اهدافی مانند کاهش انتشار گازها و ذرات آلاینده را که مدت‌ها است به ثمر نرسیده به ثمر برساند.
در سطح شهر لندن ایستگاه‌های اندازه‌گیری کیفیت هوا وجود دارد که میزان دی اکسید نیتروژن و دی اکسید سولفور را اندازه می‌گیرند.
اقدام‌های مختلفی در نظر گرفته شده تا استاندارد هوای لندن قابل قبول بوده و میزان آلاینده‌های شهر بیش از حد مجاز نشود. دولت بریتانیا متعهد شده که به اهداف اتحادیه اروپا و جامعه بین‌المللی در مورد آلاینده‌های هوا چه در پایتخت و چه سایر شهرها پایبند بماند.
با این حال کیت پراوس می‌گوید، هنوز نیز جا برای بهبود وجود دارد. به عقیده او، هر جا که آلودگی هوا کم شود بیماری‌های تنفسی نیز کاهش می‌یابد. آلودگی هوا در بسیاری از مناطق بریتانیا به سطح قابل قبول نرسیده و مبارزه با آلودگی هوا باید همچنان ادامه یابد.
منبع: D.W
معماری نیوز: ۶۰ سال از فاجعه بزرگ زیست‌محیطی بریتانیا یعنی مه‌دود بزرگ لندن می‌گذرد اما این کشور هنوز نیز درگیر مبارزه با آلودگی هوا است. نه تنها در بریتانیا بلکه در سراسر جهان، از چین گرفته تا افغانستان آلاینده‌ها مسئله‌ساز شده‌اند.
امروزه آلودگی هوا در لندن، پایتخت بریتانیا نسبت به دهه‌های قبل کمتر به چشم می‌خورد. با این حال کارشناسان با اشاره به شمار بالای خودروها و کامیون‌ها در خیابان‌هایی مانند خیابان استون لندن می‌گویند، اگر چه که این موضوع امروز کمتر در این شهر مشهود است اما هنوز هم مشکلات بزرگ می‌آفریند.
اخیرا در چین کاهش وزن نوزادان را به آلودگی هوا نسبت داده‌اند. بر اساس گزارشی از مجلس نمایندگان بریتانیا، در لندن سالانه ۴ هزار نفر جان خود را به خاطر آلودگی هوا از دست می‌دهند.
کیت پراوس (Keith Prowse)، معاون انجمن ریه لندن به دویچهوله می‌گوید: «شواهدی وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد قرار گرفتن در معرض آلودگی، حتی زمانی که فرد سیگاری نیست احتمال ابتلا به بیماری‌های ریوی را افزایش می‌دهد.»
پراوس تصریح می‌کند، ذرات آلاینده نامرئی عامل حدود ۹ درصد از مرگ و میرها است و آلودگی هوا سالانه بخش عمد‌ه‌ای از هزینه‌های سرویس سلامت ملی بریتانیا را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد.
سایمون بیرکت (Simon Birkett) از "کمپین گروه هوای پاک" لندن در گفت‌وگو با دویچهوله می‌گوید: «آلودگی هوا در جاده‌های شلوغ دو یا گاهی سه برابر میزان قانونی یا حدود تعیین‌شده توسط سازمان بهداشت جهانی است.»
۶۰ سال پیش، در سال‌های ۱۹۵۲ و ۱۹۵۳، لندن آلود‌ه‌ترین روزهای خود را تجربه کرد. ۴ هزار نفر از ساکنان شهر در طول یک هفته، از دسامبر ۱۹۵۲، وقتی که مه‌دود بزرگ به بیشترین حد خود رسیده بود جان خود را از دست دادند. ۸ هزار تن دیگر نیز در طول هفته‌های بعد بر اثر وجود مه‌دود ناشی از به‌کارگیری بیش از اندازه ذغال سنگ جان باختند.
مسئولان آن زمان از اهالی لندن خواستند، در صورت امکان روزهای تعطیل آخر هفته خود را در جاهایی به سر برند که هوای آن پاک است. به نظر می‌رسد که آنها در آن دوران تسلیم واقعیتی به نام آلودگی هوا شده بودند و تصور می‌کردند که برای داشتن شهری صنعتی، فعال و موفق باید این بها پرداخته شود.
سایمون بیرکت می‌گوید: «مه‌دود بزرگ ترکیبی غیر طبیعی از پدیده‌هایی بود که آن زمان وجود داشت.»
او با اشاره به پدیده وارونگی هوا ادامه می‌دهد: «هوا بسیار ساکن و سرد بود و هوای سرد زیر هوای گرم‌تر محبوس شده بود، یعنی آلودگی که در شهر ایجاد می‌شد محبوس شده بود و نمی‌توانست خارج شود.»
این فعال "کمپین گروه هوای پاک" لندن می‌افزاید: «آلودگی ناشی از سوختن ذغال‌سنگ در خانه‌ها و آلودگی‌های صنعتی با مه غلیظ هوا آمیخته شد و نهایتا این مشکل را ایجاد کرد.»
پاملا هاید (Pamela Hyde) در آن زمان دختری ۱۱ ساله بود که در شمال غربی لندن زندگی می‌کرد. او به دویچهوله می‌گوید: «شما نمی‌توانستید هیچ چیز، حتی دستانتان را جلوی صورتتان ببینید.»
هاید که اینک ۷۱ سال دارد تعریف می‌کند که سینمای محل سکونتشبه دلیل ورود مه به داخل سالن یک روز بسته شد. مه به داخل سالن سینما نفوذ کرده و باعث شده بود که پرده سینما دیگر قابل دید نباشد.
هاید از روزهای آن زمستان پر از مه در لندن می‌گوید: «روزهای وحشت‌انگیزی بود. هر وقت بیرون می‌رفتی و سالم برمی‌گشتی احساس خوشبختی می‌‌کردی. من به یاد دارم که کمک‌راننده‌های اتوبوس‌ها مشعل به دست جلوی اتوبوس می‌ایستادند و به راننده‌ها کمک می‌کردند تا راه را پیدا کنند.»
مه‌دودی که سیاست را تکان داد
سیاست‌مداران بریتانیا که در ابتدا مشکل را انکار کرده بودند سرانجام مجبور شدند با آن مواجه شوند. تا جایی که بالاخره مجلس بریتانیا مجبور شد در سال ۱۹۵۶ مصوبه‌ای به نام "مصوبه هوای پاک" تصویب کند.
این مصوبه سوزاندن ذغال سنگ در منازل را محدود کرد و به موجب آن، کارخانه‌ها به مناطق اطراف و دور از شهرها منتقل شدند.
امروز نیز لازم است که اتحادیه اروپا با در نظر گرفتن جریمه‌های سنگین اهدافی مانند کاهش انتشار گازها و ذرات آلاینده را که مدت‌ها است به ثمر نرسیده به ثمر برساند.
در سطح شهر لندن ایستگاه‌های اندازه‌گیری کیفیت هوا وجود دارد که میزان دی اکسید نیتروژن و دی اکسید سولفور را اندازه می‌گیرند.
اقدام‌های مختلفی در نظر گرفته شده تا استاندارد هوای لندن قابل قبول بوده و میزان آلاینده‌های شهر بیش از حد مجاز نشود. دولت بریتانیا متعهد شده که به اهداف اتحادیه اروپا و جامعه بین‌المللی در مورد آلاینده‌های هوا چه در پایتخت و چه سایر شهرها پایبند بماند.
با این حال کیت پراوس می‌گوید، هنوز نیز جا برای بهبود وجود دارد. به عقیده او، هر جا که آلودگی هوا کم شود بیماری‌های تنفسی نیز کاهش می‌یابد. آلودگی هوا در بسیاری از مناطق بریتانیا به سطح قابل قبول نرسیده و مبارزه با آلودگی هوا باید همچنان ادامه یابد.
منبع: D.W
این طوفان برفی، در اواخر فصل زمستان (دوم و سوم مارس، 12 و 13 اسفند 1388) سال 2010 اتفاق افتاده. بخش هایی از توضیحات مربوط به این طوفان برفی رو اینجا میذارم، برای دیدن متن کامل و بسیار جالب این مطلب به لینکی که در ادامه گذاشتم برید:
اینم لینک برای مشاهده کل مطالب: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20100302
و اما در این متن چند عکس و فیلم بسیار زیبا هم وجود داره:
عکس ها یک طرف، این فیلم هم یک طرف. حتما فیلم (حجم: 5.40MB) رو دانلود کنید و ببینید:
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20100302/photo/20100303.gilchrist.1.mp4
March 2-3, 2010 Winter Storm
Event Headlines
...This was an impressive event with localized snow totals of 6 to 8 inches in Randolph and Chatham Counties...
...This was a late season winter storm that featured a deepening surface low which followed a preferred track for winter storms in central North Carolina...
...Uncertainty in the amount of forecast precipitation along with surface temperatures at or just above freezing, warmer soil temperatures then typically associated with accumulating snow, and the late season nature of the storm made snow accumulation forecasts very difficult...
...Mesoscale features including frontogentical forcing and the resultant bands of heavier snow along with local conditions played a critical role in the snow accumulations and the highly variable accumulations...
...Winter Storm Warnings were issued for 20 counties with 12 warnings verified and 3 missed events. The average lead time for all of the Winter Storm Warnings was 8.6 hours with all warnings preceded by advisories. Winter Weather Advisories were issued for 31 counties with 26 advisories verified. The average lead time for all of the Winter Weather Advisories was 17.7 hours...
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.
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Surface Analysis
A Java Loop of surface analysis imagery from 00 UTC March 01 through 21 UTC March 03, 2010 shows the surface low developing across the western Gulf of Mexico at 12 UTC on March 01 with a 1035 MB area of high pressure centered over Ontario. By 12 UTC on March 02, the surface low had deepened to 1000 MB and was located over northern Florida while the area of high pressure had weakened to around 1025 MB and was located just slightly southeastward from its location 24 hours earlier. The surface low deepened slowly during the afternoon and evening of March 02 as it moved northeastward along the Southeast coast.
At 00 UTC on March 03, the surface low was located near Cape Hatteras with a pressure of 996 mb. By 12 UTC, the pressure had fallen to 984 MB (a drop of 12 MB in 12 hours) and at 00 UTC on March 4, the pressure had fallen to 982 MB or a drop of 14 MB in 24 hours. While the pressure fall of 14 MB in 24 hours is impressive, it does not meet the generally accepted definition of a "Meteorogical bomb" as defined by Sanders and Gyakum (1980). This definition is the formation of an "extratropical area of low pressure in which the central barometric pressure drops at least 24 millibars in 24 hours. It must be noted that the 24 MB requirement is true for storms that are north of 60 degrees latitude. Sanders and Gyakum set the pressure fall needed to reach bomb status at 23 millibars in 24 hours at 55 degrees and 19 millibars in 24 hours at 45 degrees (map of the western Atlantic with lines of latitude and longitude).
While a strong flow of cold air into the region was lacking and the area of high pressure to the north and west of the storm system was relatively weak and not in a favored location, the track of the developing storm system and its deepening nature was consistent with a classic winter storm scenario for central North Carolina.
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Final Thoughts and Lessons Learned
Three to four days in advance of the event, HPC expressed higher than normal confidence in the ECMWF model, which depicted a coastal surface low just off the Carolina coast. The GFS forecast a surface low crossing the upper Florida peninsula and continuing just north of due east into the open Atlantic. HPC noted a higher than normal clustering of ECMWF ensemble members as reason for confidence. The Canadian relatively quickly joined the ECMWF, while the GFS only gradually adjusted its low track westward. A very similar scenario occurred earlier in the season in the Carolinas which boosted local confidence in HPC and the ECMWF.
Early model and HPC preferences of a climatologically preferred storm track for winter weather for portions of central NC was noted. It also became increasingly evident three to five days prior to the potential event that the storm would likely have to produce its own cold air to generate wintry precipitation since there would not be a strong cold high pressure system in a favorable location to support and sustain wintery precipitation in central NC. However, the favored surface low track from the Gulf of Mexico northeast, close to the SC/NC coast along with the deepening nature of the storm suggested a potential winter storm. This potential was also enhanced by the potential for the mid/upper level low to track very close to central or eastern NC, giving credence to the capability of the storm producing its own cold air.
On February 20th, an email was sent to various users including broadcasters highlighting the anticipated pattern change and potential for a late season winter storm. The hazardous weather outlook mentioned the potential for late season storm in the 400 AM EST February 26th issuance which corresponded to a 4 day lead time.
Uncertainty in the amount of forecast precipitation along with surface temperatures at or just above freezing, warmer soil temperatures then typically associated with accumulating snow, and the late season nature of the storm made snow accumulation forecasts very difficult. Mesoscale features including frontogentical forcing and the resultant bands of heavier snow along with local conditions played a critical role in the snow accumulations and the highly variable accumulations. In the future, highlighting broader regions in Watches, Warnings, and advisories should be considered
.
.
.
Event Headlines
...This was an impressive event with localized snow totals of 6 to 8 inches in Randolph and Chatham Counties...
...This was a late season winter storm that featured a deepening surface low which followed a preferred track for winter storms in central North Carolina...
...Uncertainty in the amount of forecast precipitation along with surface temperatures at or just above freezing, warmer soil temperatures then typically associated with accumulating snow, and the late season nature of the storm made snow accumulation forecasts very difficult...
...Mesoscale features including frontogentical forcing and the resultant bands of heavier snow along with local conditions played a critical role in the snow accumulations and the highly variable accumulations...
...Winter Storm Warnings were issued for 20 counties with 12 warnings verified and 3 missed events. The average lead time for all of the Winter Storm Warnings was 8.6 hours with all warnings preceded by advisories. Winter Weather Advisories were issued for 31 counties with 26 advisories verified. The average lead time for all of the Winter Weather Advisories was 17.7 hours...
.
.
.
Surface Analysis
A Java Loop of surface analysis imagery from 00 UTC March 01 through 21 UTC March 03, 2010 shows the surface low developing across the western Gulf of Mexico at 12 UTC on March 01 with a 1035 MB area of high pressure centered over Ontario. By 12 UTC on March 02, the surface low had deepened to 1000 MB and was located over northern Florida while the area of high pressure had weakened to around 1025 MB and was located just slightly southeastward from its location 24 hours earlier. The surface low deepened slowly during the afternoon and evening of March 02 as it moved northeastward along the Southeast coast.
At 00 UTC on March 03, the surface low was located near Cape Hatteras with a pressure of 996 mb. By 12 UTC, the pressure had fallen to 984 MB (a drop of 12 MB in 12 hours) and at 00 UTC on March 4, the pressure had fallen to 982 MB or a drop of 14 MB in 24 hours. While the pressure fall of 14 MB in 24 hours is impressive, it does not meet the generally accepted definition of a "Meteorogical bomb" as defined by Sanders and Gyakum (1980). This definition is the formation of an "extratropical area of low pressure in which the central barometric pressure drops at least 24 millibars in 24 hours. It must be noted that the 24 MB requirement is true for storms that are north of 60 degrees latitude. Sanders and Gyakum set the pressure fall needed to reach bomb status at 23 millibars in 24 hours at 55 degrees and 19 millibars in 24 hours at 45 degrees (map of the western Atlantic with lines of latitude and longitude).
While a strong flow of cold air into the region was lacking and the area of high pressure to the north and west of the storm system was relatively weak and not in a favored location, the track of the developing storm system and its deepening nature was consistent with a classic winter storm scenario for central North Carolina.
.
.
.
Final Thoughts and Lessons Learned
Three to four days in advance of the event, HPC expressed higher than normal confidence in the ECMWF model, which depicted a coastal surface low just off the Carolina coast. The GFS forecast a surface low crossing the upper Florida peninsula and continuing just north of due east into the open Atlantic. HPC noted a higher than normal clustering of ECMWF ensemble members as reason for confidence. The Canadian relatively quickly joined the ECMWF, while the GFS only gradually adjusted its low track westward. A very similar scenario occurred earlier in the season in the Carolinas which boosted local confidence in HPC and the ECMWF.
Early model and HPC preferences of a climatologically preferred storm track for winter weather for portions of central NC was noted. It also became increasingly evident three to five days prior to the potential event that the storm would likely have to produce its own cold air to generate wintry precipitation since there would not be a strong cold high pressure system in a favorable location to support and sustain wintery precipitation in central NC. However, the favored surface low track from the Gulf of Mexico northeast, close to the SC/NC coast along with the deepening nature of the storm suggested a potential winter storm. This potential was also enhanced by the potential for the mid/upper level low to track very close to central or eastern NC, giving credence to the capability of the storm producing its own cold air.
On February 20th, an email was sent to various users including broadcasters highlighting the anticipated pattern change and potential for a late season winter storm. The hazardous weather outlook mentioned the potential for late season storm in the 400 AM EST February 26th issuance which corresponded to a 4 day lead time.
Uncertainty in the amount of forecast precipitation along with surface temperatures at or just above freezing, warmer soil temperatures then typically associated with accumulating snow, and the late season nature of the storm made snow accumulation forecasts very difficult. Mesoscale features including frontogentical forcing and the resultant bands of heavier snow along with local conditions played a critical role in the snow accumulations and the highly variable accumulations. In the future, highlighting broader regions in Watches, Warnings, and advisories should be considered
.
.
.
اینم لینک برای مشاهده کل مطالب: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20100302
و اما در این متن چند عکس و فیلم بسیار زیبا هم وجود داره:
عکس ها یک طرف، این فیلم هم یک طرف. حتما فیلم (حجم: 5.40MB) رو دانلود کنید و ببینید:
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20100302/photo/20100303.gilchrist.1.mp4
در برف های سنگین سال های 83 و 86 ما با مشکلاتی از جمله پارو کردن سقف روبرو بودیم، یادش بخیر!
Avoid A Roof Collapse From Heavy Snow – Here’s How To Remove Snow From Your Home’s Roof Every winter somewhere in this country an unusually heavy snowfall will result with some buildings collapsing under the extreme weight of snow accumulating on the roof.
Though the nightly news may only converge on large industrial or commercial buildings that buckle under the stress, this is indeed a concern that every homeowner needs to take seriously.
Living in Duluth, Minnesota we are very familiar with heavy snowfall.
Surprisingly, even here — where we expect extreme accumulations of snow — occasionally a structure will fail and collapse.
After the first foot of snow has fallen, I start monitoring my roof as I don’t want to let it build up beyond about that 12-inch mark. Often with sunny weather, the snow will melt away. But every couple years or so, it will stick around until I’m forced to head on up on the roof with my snow shovel and clear it away.
How To Remove Snow From A Sloped Roof
Removing snow should be done very cautiously. Not only is snow shoveling a very strenuous activity, there is also great danger of damaging the roof surface itself and creating more problems than what the snow itself presents.
The majority of sloped roofs are shingled with asphalt shingles and if treated too aggressively, they will either break away, or their lifespan will be shortened. Not only must you use care with your snow removal methods, it’s also wise to choose your snow removal tools wisely.
How To Remove Snow From A Flat Roof
Flat roofs are just a lot of work to keep clean, period. Finding some young strong physically fit men to do the job is well worth the expense.
This video clearly shows that shoveling is hard work:
Snow Usually Slides Right Off Metal Roofs
Of course if you’re very lucky, you may have a metal roof, so when the heat of the sun hits it, the snow just slides right off.
This video of a self-cleaning roof shows how Mother Nature does the work for you:
The Dangers Of Rooftop Snow & Ice Removal
When clearing snow from the roof of a multi-story home, it may be best to hire professionals. The danger of serious injury (or death) is always present when working at heights, and when dealing with snow it’s even more dangerous. One wrong move and you could slip and go over the side before you have a chance to do anything about it.
Also, watch out for ice hanging off the edge of your roof. Weighing hundreds of pounds, a large icicle can easily kill anyone unfortunate enough to be struck should it break loose and fall to the ground.
How ever you decide to remove the snow on your roof, please use care and always remember safety first. Have someone outside with you. That way, in case of an accident, someone will be there to get help.
Avoid A Roof Collapse From Heavy Snow – Here’s How To Remove Snow From Your Home’s Roof Every winter somewhere in this country an unusually heavy snowfall will result with some buildings collapsing under the extreme weight of snow accumulating on the roof.
Though the nightly news may only converge on large industrial or commercial buildings that buckle under the stress, this is indeed a concern that every homeowner needs to take seriously.
Living in Duluth, Minnesota we are very familiar with heavy snowfall.
Surprisingly, even here — where we expect extreme accumulations of snow — occasionally a structure will fail and collapse.
After the first foot of snow has fallen, I start monitoring my roof as I don’t want to let it build up beyond about that 12-inch mark. Often with sunny weather, the snow will melt away. But every couple years or so, it will stick around until I’m forced to head on up on the roof with my snow shovel and clear it away.
How To Remove Snow From A Sloped Roof
Removing snow should be done very cautiously. Not only is snow shoveling a very strenuous activity, there is also great danger of damaging the roof surface itself and creating more problems than what the snow itself presents.
The majority of sloped roofs are shingled with asphalt shingles and if treated too aggressively, they will either break away, or their lifespan will be shortened. Not only must you use care with your snow removal methods, it’s also wise to choose your snow removal tools wisely.
Metal tools are more likely to catch and damage shingles, especially if they have ragged edges. I use an aluminum scoop shovel like this one to clear my roof. But to make sure I don’t damage shingles, I try to remove snow down to the point there is still an inch or so left on the roof. By not scraping the roof clean, the gravel surface of the shingles won’t be scraped away and the roof will live out its expected lifespan intact. That last bit of snow will melt away the first sunny day that comes along, as the dark surface of the shingles will absorb the heat of the sun.
Plastic tools like these plastic snow shovels are much less likely to catch on shingles and do damage. However, stay away from the curved sidewalk type of shovel that’s designed to be pushed across a surface to move the snow away. This type will damage your roof’s shingles.
Snow rakes are often used to remove snow from roofs as well. A snow rake has a blade, or cutter, that is attached to a long pole allowing you to remain on the ground as you pull sections of snow from a sloped roof surface. This works great on a garage or single floor ranch style home.
Here’s a video of 2 different roof rakes being compared side by side:Plastic tools like these plastic snow shovels are much less likely to catch on shingles and do damage. However, stay away from the curved sidewalk type of shovel that’s designed to be pushed across a surface to move the snow away. This type will damage your roof’s shingles.
Snow rakes are often used to remove snow from roofs as well. A snow rake has a blade, or cutter, that is attached to a long pole allowing you to remain on the ground as you pull sections of snow from a sloped roof surface. This works great on a garage or single floor ranch style home.
How To Remove Snow From A Flat Roof
Flat roofs are just a lot of work to keep clean, period. Finding some young strong physically fit men to do the job is well worth the expense.
This video clearly shows that shoveling is hard work:
Snow Usually Slides Right Off Metal Roofs
Of course if you’re very lucky, you may have a metal roof, so when the heat of the sun hits it, the snow just slides right off.
This video of a self-cleaning roof shows how Mother Nature does the work for you:
The Dangers Of Rooftop Snow & Ice Removal
When clearing snow from the roof of a multi-story home, it may be best to hire professionals. The danger of serious injury (or death) is always present when working at heights, and when dealing with snow it’s even more dangerous. One wrong move and you could slip and go over the side before you have a chance to do anything about it.
Also, watch out for ice hanging off the edge of your roof. Weighing hundreds of pounds, a large icicle can easily kill anyone unfortunate enough to be struck should it break loose and fall to the ground.How ever you decide to remove the snow on your roof, please use care and always remember safety first. Have someone outside with you. That way, in case of an accident, someone will be there to get help.
Amir Masoud
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کمینه دمای امروز:5-
2 روز میشه که کمی رنگ زمستون رو شب ها و دم صبح در اردبیل میبینم...
رطوبت و مه و برودت در صبح ، یخ زدن شیشه های ماشین و یخ زدن شبنم ها رو چمن آدم رو یاد این می اندازه که هنوز فصل ، فصل زمستونه...
کمینه دمای امروز:5-
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