خوب ما از این موج انتظار بارش برف داخل شهر نداریم ولی از اون موج هاست که مخصوصه شمال و شمال شرق کشور هست و اگر الان تو ماه آبان بودیم من بهت قول میدادم اولین بارش برف شمال شرق رو میدیدیم البته الان هم احتمال بارش برف قوچان هست(باشد که حاج محسن خوشحال بشه)
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توجه: در صورتی که از کاربران قدیمی ایران انجمن هستید و امکان ورود به سایت را ندارید، میتوانید با آیدی altin_admin@ در تلگرام تماس حاصل نمایید.
مباحث عمومی هواشناسی
- شروع کننده موضوع Amir Mohsen
- تاریخ شروع
- وضعیت
خوب ما از این موج انتظار بارش برف داخل شهر نداریم ولی از اون موج هاست که مخصوصه شمال و شمال شرق کشور هست و اگر الان تو ماه آبان بودیم من بهت قول میدادم اولین بارش برف شمال شرق رو میدیدیم البته الان هم احتمال بارش برف قوچان هست(باشد که حاج محسن خوشحال بشه)
تو اوایل زمستون بیاد اونم چندتا پشت سرهم چی میشه
:خنده1:
اونوقت حاج محسن از خوشحالی سکته میکنه:خنده2:
همین دیروز پریروز سکته ناقص برای همین موج زدن که:خنده2:
شب بخیر برم خواب برف ببینم .یاعلی:گل:
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
سلام و درود بر شما دوستان عزیز
آپدیت جدید هواشناسی کانادا همچنان امیدوار کننده و زیباست خدا رو شکر:گل:
سلام و درود بر شما دوستان عزیز
آپدیت جدید هواشناسی کانادا همچنان امیدوار کننده و زیباست خدا رو شکر:گل:
امیرمحسن شروع کرد به قرار دادن این نقشه ها و ما را به یاد روزهای شیرین پاییز و زمستان 91 انداخت:خجالت2:
اینم اولین نقشه این فروم:
شامگاه شنبه 25 آذر 1391 ساعت 23:38
انیمیشن بارش و فشار سطح دریا مدل اسمبل
12 الی 48 ساعت آینده
برگرفته از: http://www.iranjoman.com/showthread.php?t=56411&page=7239#ixzz2hxgfujgQ
یاد باد آن روزگاران یاد باد....
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
عمق نفوذ و شدت سرمای همراه این سامانه کلاسیک شمالی هم بسیار بالاست:
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
پیش بینی جدید اکیوریت ودر برای وضعیت جوی کانادا در زمستان 2014
[h=2]Canada Winter Forecast: Abundant Snow for Ski Resorts
[h=5]October 16, 2013; 6:24 PM
@ijaycole tweeted: "@BrettAWX Couldn't of asked for a better prediction to the start of the winter season! #enjoyskiingrestofCanada"
[h=3]The West
A man crosses the street as a snowstorm swept through Toronto, Thursday, March 1, 2007. (AP Photo/CP, Toronto Star, Steve Russell)
[h=2]Canada Winter Forecast: Abundant Snow for Ski Resorts
[h=5]October 16, 2013; 6:24 PM
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The winter of 2013 and 2014 will bring plenty of snow to the winter sports resorts in both the West and East, though the West will get off to a much quicker start as cold air gets established during November and December from the Rockies to the central Prairies.
Despite the milder temperatures during December and January, an active storm track will bring plenty of snow opportunities to ski country in eastern Canada, while mixed precipitation will be more common over southern Ontario.
@ijaycole tweeted: "@BrettAWX Couldn't of asked for a better prediction to the start of the winter season! #enjoyskiingrestofCanada"
The West Coast, including Vancouver, will have a changeable winter with drier-than-normal conditions for December before more typical winter storminess returns in January.
Temperatures will average close to normal for the first half of the winter then trend above normal for the second half of the season.
Snowfall along the Coast Range in British Columbia will be typical for an average winter with the greatest potential for heavy snowfall coming in January and early February.
[h=3]The Prairies The winter will get off to a strong start across much of the Prairie region with shots of arctic air being directed south from the Yukon Territory with increasing opportunities for accumulating snowfall over southern and western Alberta, including Calgary.
Average snowfall is expected for the central Prairies, including Saskatoon. However, below-average snowfall is forecast for the eastern Prairies, including Winnipeg, especially the second half of the winter as a seasonably cold, but dry flow of air takes over.
[h=3]Eastern and Atlantic Canada An active storm track through the Great Lakes during December and into a part of January will lead to above-normal precipitation this winter over a large portion of eastern Canada.
Snowfall will end up higher than normal from the upper Great Lakes through most of Quebec and into Labrador. Farther south in Ontario, from Windsor to Toronto and Kingston, the milder pattern during December and January will lead to more mixed precipitation events, which will cut down on the snowfall potential.
Despite the increase in natural snowfall, snow-making in the eastern and Atlantic Canada resorts will be a challenge the first half of the winter due to the higher temperatures and humidity.
A drier, colder pattern is expected to take over in Ontario and western Quebec during February as the storm track shifts toward the Maritimes and Newfoundland.
Due to the warmer start of winter in the East, lake-effect snowfall across the snow belts of Ontario will be lighter than usual for December and the first half of January before becoming heavier than normal for the second half of the winter with more sustained invasions of Arctic air moving over the mostly unfrozen Great Lakes.
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
What Happened to the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season?
By Andrew Freedman
Follow @afreedma
Nearly one year after Hurricane Sandy ravaged the East Coast, the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season has not produced a single land-falling hurricane in the U.S. Instead of having above-average storm activity, as the seasonal hurricane outlooks unanimously called for, the season has been quiet — notable for its inactivity.
The tropical season doesn’t officially end until November 30, but it would take a barrage of late-season storms to bring the season up to average levels, let alone above average, something that forecasters say is unlikely.
A computer model image shows the extent of dry air flowing westward from Africa on August 16.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: WeatherBell Analytics.
“It’s not only quiet, but it’s got the potential to be near record quiet for the Atlantic Basin,” Chris Landsea, a meteorologist at the National Hurricane Center in Miami, said.
So far, there have been just 11 named storms, two of which have been hurricanes, and none that have been major hurricanes.
While pre-season outlooks rarely, if ever, have pinpoint accuracy, they don’t usually miss by such a large margin. In May, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) projected that there would likely be between 13 and 20 named storms (with sustained winds of at least 39 mph). Of those storms, NOAA projected that between seven and 11 would achieve hurricane status (winds of at least 74 mph); and that three or four would become major hurricanes of category 3, 4 or 5 (winds of at least 111 mph).
By one measure, 2013 so far ranks as the 7[SUP]th[/SUP] quietest season in the past 70 years. That measure uses an index known as Accumulated Cyclone Energy, which incorporates how many storms formed, how long they lasted, and how strong they became. If no additional storms were to form before the end of the season, 2013 would be the 4th quietest.
There has not been a major hurricane in either the North Atlantic Basin or the eastern Pacific this year, something that hasn’t happened since 1968, according to Philip Klotzbach, a hurricane researcher and seasonal forecaster at Colorado State University.
[h=3]Subsidence and the Sahara The scant number of storms is surprising given some of the favorable conditions that exist that would normally fuel tropical cyclones. The ocean waters throughout the North Atlantic are warmer than average, the trade winds are lighter, and there is no El Niño event in the Pacific to ramp up high altitude winds that can tear nascent storms apart.
Coastal homes in Texas' Bolivar Peninsula were wiped out by the storm surge from strong Category 2 Hurricane Ike in 2008.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
Forecasters say that three main features loom large for the inactivity: large areas of sinking air, frequent plumes of dry, dusty air coming off the Sahara Desert, and above-average wind shear. None of those features were part of their initial calculations in making seasonal projections. Researchers are now looking into whether they can be predicted in advance like other variables, such as El Niño and La Niña events.
Brian McNoldy, a senior research associate at the University of Miami, said that across the Atlantic this season “you had air sinking through a pretty large depth of the atmosphere.” Sinking air inhibits storm formation by causing air to become drier and more stable, thereby stunting the growth of thunderstorms that require moist, unstable air in order to thrive.
Tropical weather systems depend on a plentiful supply of warm, moist air to form and intensify, and when these storms ingest exceptionally dry air, as many of the storms have this year, they can choke to death in a matter of hours or days. For example, Tropical Storm Karen formed in the Gulf of Mexico, where landfall in the U.S. or Mexico is virtually assured, but died before reaching land because of the presence of dry air and strong wind shear.
Some of the dry air across the Atlantic Basin came from large areas of dusty air that originated in the scorching Sahara Desert. However, such outbreaks of dusty air are fairly typical during hurricane season. What has been unusual has been the broad expanse of sinking and drying air throughout the North Atlantic basin, McNoldy said.
This season, the dry air “made a huge difference” and “squashed all the other factors that looked good,” he said.
Klotzbach said the area where most tropical storms and hurricanes form had the driest mid-to-lower atmospheric conditions during the Aug. 1 to Sept. 25 period since reliable records began in 1970.
In addition to the dry air, Landsea and Klotzbach pointed to above-average wind shear as another key reason. Wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction between the ocean surface and the mid-to-upper atmosphere. Strong shear can knock storms off balance, essentially tearing them apart and allowing dry air to enter their circulation.
Landsea said that NOAA’s seasonal outlooks focused on the other pieces of the puzzle that argued in favor of an above average to average season, namely the absence of El Nino and the presence of warm sea surface temperatures. The seasonal outlook won’t be correct every time, Landsea said.
Klotzbach, who along with William Gray pioneered the art of forecasting the severity of hurricane seasons, said future outlooks will need to incorporate more variables.
“We will be looking at ways to be able to incorporate more moisture data into our models, in hopes to not make a similar mistake in future years,” he said in an email interview.
[h=3]Record Major Hurricane Drought Continues The absence of a major hurricane in the U.S. this season means the continuation of a record-long streak. On Oct. 24, it will be exactly 8 years since the last major hurricane of Category 3 strength or greater made landfall. Scientists fear this streak of good luck is leading to more severe cases of “hurricane amnesia,” which can complicate emergency preparation efforts the next time a monster storm threatens.
Infrared satellite view of Tropical Storm Karen as the storm struggled to fight off wind shear and dry air on Oct. 4 over the Gulf of Mexico.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
“When it doesn’t happen often you certainly become a little more lax,” McNoldy said, noting that in the 8 years since Hurricane Wilma struck Florida, tens of thousands of people have moved to the Sunshine State, many of whom have never before experienced a major hurricane. These residents, McNoldy said, may be less willing to evacuate their homes before the next major storm strikes.
“People who have never experienced it . . . don’t really know what they’re in for,” McNoldy said.
Klotzbach said the “fear of complacency” grows as the major hurricane gap lengthens. “One statistic that people should remember is that on average, about 1 in every 3 major hurricanes makes landfall at major hurricane strength (in the U.S.)” he said. Klotzbach noted that since 2005, 22 major hurricanes formed in the Atlantic, yet none of them made landfall in the U.S. as major hurricanes.
Even without a major hurricane reaching land, the U.S. has seen its fair share of damaging storms in recent years. Hurricane Ike devastated the Galveston, Texas area in 2008 as a strong Category 2 storm, and Sandy was one of the strongest and most destructive storms to ever strike the Jersey Shore.
“I think anybody living along the Jersey coast or Long Island or in New York City would attest that they had a major event even though it wasn’t a major hurricane,” Landsea said.
- Published: October 16th, 2013 , Last Updated: October 16th, 2013
By Andrew Freedman Follow @afreedma
Nearly one year after Hurricane Sandy ravaged the East Coast, the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season has not produced a single land-falling hurricane in the U.S. Instead of having above-average storm activity, as the seasonal hurricane outlooks unanimously called for, the season has been quiet — notable for its inactivity.
The tropical season doesn’t officially end until November 30, but it would take a barrage of late-season storms to bring the season up to average levels, let alone above average, something that forecasters say is unlikely.
A computer model image shows the extent of dry air flowing westward from Africa on August 16. Click image to enlarge. Credit: WeatherBell Analytics.
“It’s not only quiet, but it’s got the potential to be near record quiet for the Atlantic Basin,” Chris Landsea, a meteorologist at the National Hurricane Center in Miami, said.
So far, there have been just 11 named storms, two of which have been hurricanes, and none that have been major hurricanes.
While pre-season outlooks rarely, if ever, have pinpoint accuracy, they don’t usually miss by such a large margin. In May, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) projected that there would likely be between 13 and 20 named storms (with sustained winds of at least 39 mph). Of those storms, NOAA projected that between seven and 11 would achieve hurricane status (winds of at least 74 mph); and that three or four would become major hurricanes of category 3, 4 or 5 (winds of at least 111 mph).
By one measure, 2013 so far ranks as the 7[SUP]th[/SUP] quietest season in the past 70 years. That measure uses an index known as Accumulated Cyclone Energy, which incorporates how many storms formed, how long they lasted, and how strong they became. If no additional storms were to form before the end of the season, 2013 would be the 4th quietest.
There has not been a major hurricane in either the North Atlantic Basin or the eastern Pacific this year, something that hasn’t happened since 1968, according to Philip Klotzbach, a hurricane researcher and seasonal forecaster at Colorado State University.
[h=3]Subsidence and the Sahara The scant number of storms is surprising given some of the favorable conditions that exist that would normally fuel tropical cyclones. The ocean waters throughout the North Atlantic are warmer than average, the trade winds are lighter, and there is no El Niño event in the Pacific to ramp up high altitude winds that can tear nascent storms apart.
Coastal homes in Texas' Bolivar Peninsula were wiped out by the storm surge from strong Category 2 Hurricane Ike in 2008.Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
Forecasters say that three main features loom large for the inactivity: large areas of sinking air, frequent plumes of dry, dusty air coming off the Sahara Desert, and above-average wind shear. None of those features were part of their initial calculations in making seasonal projections. Researchers are now looking into whether they can be predicted in advance like other variables, such as El Niño and La Niña events.
Brian McNoldy, a senior research associate at the University of Miami, said that across the Atlantic this season “you had air sinking through a pretty large depth of the atmosphere.” Sinking air inhibits storm formation by causing air to become drier and more stable, thereby stunting the growth of thunderstorms that require moist, unstable air in order to thrive.
Tropical weather systems depend on a plentiful supply of warm, moist air to form and intensify, and when these storms ingest exceptionally dry air, as many of the storms have this year, they can choke to death in a matter of hours or days. For example, Tropical Storm Karen formed in the Gulf of Mexico, where landfall in the U.S. or Mexico is virtually assured, but died before reaching land because of the presence of dry air and strong wind shear.
Some of the dry air across the Atlantic Basin came from large areas of dusty air that originated in the scorching Sahara Desert. However, such outbreaks of dusty air are fairly typical during hurricane season. What has been unusual has been the broad expanse of sinking and drying air throughout the North Atlantic basin, McNoldy said.
This season, the dry air “made a huge difference” and “squashed all the other factors that looked good,” he said.
Klotzbach said the area where most tropical storms and hurricanes form had the driest mid-to-lower atmospheric conditions during the Aug. 1 to Sept. 25 period since reliable records began in 1970.
In addition to the dry air, Landsea and Klotzbach pointed to above-average wind shear as another key reason. Wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction between the ocean surface and the mid-to-upper atmosphere. Strong shear can knock storms off balance, essentially tearing them apart and allowing dry air to enter their circulation.
Landsea said that NOAA’s seasonal outlooks focused on the other pieces of the puzzle that argued in favor of an above average to average season, namely the absence of El Nino and the presence of warm sea surface temperatures. The seasonal outlook won’t be correct every time, Landsea said.
Klotzbach, who along with William Gray pioneered the art of forecasting the severity of hurricane seasons, said future outlooks will need to incorporate more variables.
“We will be looking at ways to be able to incorporate more moisture data into our models, in hopes to not make a similar mistake in future years,” he said in an email interview.
[h=3]Record Major Hurricane Drought Continues The absence of a major hurricane in the U.S. this season means the continuation of a record-long streak. On Oct. 24, it will be exactly 8 years since the last major hurricane of Category 3 strength or greater made landfall. Scientists fear this streak of good luck is leading to more severe cases of “hurricane amnesia,” which can complicate emergency preparation efforts the next time a monster storm threatens.
Infrared satellite view of Tropical Storm Karen as the storm struggled to fight off wind shear and dry air on Oct. 4 over the Gulf of Mexico.Click image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA.
“When it doesn’t happen often you certainly become a little more lax,” McNoldy said, noting that in the 8 years since Hurricane Wilma struck Florida, tens of thousands of people have moved to the Sunshine State, many of whom have never before experienced a major hurricane. These residents, McNoldy said, may be less willing to evacuate their homes before the next major storm strikes.
“People who have never experienced it . . . don’t really know what they’re in for,” McNoldy said.
Klotzbach said the “fear of complacency” grows as the major hurricane gap lengthens. “One statistic that people should remember is that on average, about 1 in every 3 major hurricanes makes landfall at major hurricane strength (in the U.S.)” he said. Klotzbach noted that since 2005, 22 major hurricanes formed in the Atlantic, yet none of them made landfall in the U.S. as major hurricanes.
Even without a major hurricane reaching land, the U.S. has seen its fair share of damaging storms in recent years. Hurricane Ike devastated the Galveston, Texas area in 2008 as a strong Category 2 storm, and Sandy was one of the strongest and most destructive storms to ever strike the Jersey Shore.
“I think anybody living along the Jersey coast or Long Island or in New York City would attest that they had a major event even though it wasn’t a major hurricane,” Landsea said.
Amir Mohsen
متخصص بخش هواشناسی
ساعت 6 بعداز ظهر روز یکشنبه:
استقرار مرکز پرفشار سرد بر روی شرق دریای سیاه
گسترش زبانه های پرفشار به سمت شمال غرب و سواحل غربی کاسپین
آغاز بارش برف در شمال غرب کشور
تشدید بارشها در غرب دریای کاسپین
گسترش بارشها به مازندران و گلستان
استقرار مرکز پرفشار سرد بر روی شرق دریای سیاه
گسترش زبانه های پرفشار به سمت شمال غرب و سواحل غربی کاسپین
آغاز بارش برف در شمال غرب کشور
تشدید بارشها در غرب دریای کاسپین
گسترش بارشها به مازندران و گلستان
بولتن پيش بينـي وضـع هـواي استان تاریخ: 25/7/1392 مرکز پیش بینی اداره کل هواشناسی خراسان رضوی
بررسي نقشه ها و تصاوير ماهواره های هواشناسي:بر اساس آخرین نقشه ها ومدلهای هواشناسی طی 72 ساعت آینده با استقرار جریانات نسبتا پایدار تراز میانی جو و تقویت سامانه کم فشار سطح زمین ،آسمان استان غالبا صاف تا کمی ابری گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبارهمراه با افزایش دما پیش بینی می شود.بر اين اساس:پیش بینی وضع هوای استان خراسان رضوی
پنجشنبه 25/7/1392 | جمعه 26/7/1392 | شنبه 27/7/1392 | |||
| نواحی شمالی | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | ||
| نواحی مرکزی | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | ||
| نواحی جنوبی | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | صاف تا کمی ابری در برخی نقاط گاهی با وزش باد و گرد و غبار | ||
| شهرستان مشهد | صاف تا کمی ابری با غبار صبحگاهی گاهی همراه با وزش باد | صاف تا کمی ابری با غبار صبحگاهی گاهی همراه با وزش باد | صاف تا کمی ابری گاهی همراه با وزش باد و گرد وغبار | ||
کمینه دما | بیشینه دما | کمینه دما | بیشینه دما | کمینه دما | بیشینه دما |
7 | 24 | 9 | 27 | 11 | 30 |
گزارش وضع هوا در 24 ساعت گذ شته: در 24 ساعت گذشته فریمان با حداقل دمای 2 درجه سانتیگراد خنکترین و بردسکن با حداکثر دمای 25 درجه سانتیگراد گرمترین شهرهای استان خراسان رضوی بوده اند . طی همین مدت حداقل و حداکثر دمای مشهد 7 و 20 درجه سانتیگراد بوده است .طی 24 ساعت گذشته ازایستگاههاي هواشناسی بارندگي گزارش نشده است.پیش بین مسئول : مرتضی اثمری رئیس اداره پیش بینی: یحیی قاینی پور
اصغری بیان کرد: هوای پایتخت همراه با پدیده غبار صبحگاهی پیش‌بینی شده که این موضوع تا شنبه ادامه خواهد داشت که خوشبختانه با وجود تعطیلات این هفته میزان آلاینده افزایش نخواهد یافت و ما شرایط خوبی را پیش‌بینی می‌کنیم.
تسنیم: محمداصغری، کارشناس هواشناسی درخصوص آخرین وضعیت هوای کشور اظهار داشت: در حال حاضر هیچ بارندگی را پیش‌بینی نمی‌کنیم ولی ما در شمال کشور با افزایش دما توام با بادگرم در خط سواحل روبرو خواهیم بود.
وی با بیان اینکه در ساعات بعدازظهر روند وزش باد در تمام نقاط مختلف کشور پیش‌بینی می‌شود، ادامه داد: شنبه بعدازظهر هوای خنک اروپایی از غرب اروپا به کشور واردخواهد شد ولی این هوا خیلی سرد نخواهد بود و ما روند خنکی را برعکس این روزها در شنبه در سواحل شاهد خواهیم بود.
این کارشناس هواشناسی بیان کرد: از شنبه غروب به بعد بارندگی در سواحل را شاهد خواهیم بود و بارندگی در اردبیل و گیلان به شکلی خواهد بود که شاهد آبگرفتگی در این مناطق خواهیم شد.همچنین در آذربایجان غربی، آذربایجان شرقی و خراسان شمالی بارندگی نیز پیش‌بینی می‌شود.
وی ادامه داد: به احتمال بسیار اولین بارندگی پاییزی در بسیاری از مناطق از جمله همدان، مرکزی، قزوین، قم و تهران از یکشنبه به دوشنبه پیش‌بینی می‌شود.
اصغری بیان کرد: هوای پایتخت همراه با پدیده غبار صبحگاهی پیش‌بینی شده که این موضوع تا شنبه ادامه خواهد داشت که خوشبختانه با وجود تعطیلات این هفته میزان آلاینده افزایش نخواهد یافت و ما شرایط خوبی را پیش‌بینی می‌کنیم.
وی ادامه داد: ترجیحا از سالمندان می‌خواهیم که از رفت و آمد غیرضروری در معابر عمومی خودداری کنند چرا که ممکن است در تهران، اصفهان وبرخی دیگر مناطق الاینده از حدمجاز بالا رود ولی شرایط ناسالم نیست.
درود دوستان
چرا در اقيانوس اطلس طبق معمول اين موقع از سال هاريكن تشكيل نميشه!!؟ حتى گفته بودن طوفان امسال قوى تر از نرمال خواهد بود اما الان كه عجيب وضعيت اقيانوس اطلس آرومه از اون طرف همانند آبان ٩٠ طوفان حاره اى داره توو درياى عرب شكل مى گيره!!!
What Happened to the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season?
چرا در اقيانوس اطلس طبق معمول اين موقع از سال هاريكن تشكيل نميشه!!؟ حتى گفته بودن طوفان امسال قوى تر از نرمال خواهد بود اما الان كه عجيب وضعيت اقيانوس اطلس آرومه از اون طرف همانند آبان ٩٠ طوفان حاره اى داره توو درياى عرب شكل مى گيره!!!
What Happened to the 2013 Atlantic Hurricane Season?
اینم هاریکن هفته بعد:سوت:
- وضعیت